Give the chemical reaction for the following conversions:
$(1)$ $m$-Nitrobenzene sulphonic acid from benzene
$(2)$ $TNT$ from toluene

(N/A) $(1)$ Conversion of benzene to $m$-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid:
Benzene undergoes nitration with a mixture of conc. $HNO_3$ and conc. $H_2SO_4$ to form nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene is then subjected to sulphonation using oleum $(H_2S_2O_7)$ at high temperature to yield $m$-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid.
$(2)$ Conversion of toluene to $TNT$ ($2,4,6$-trinitrotoluene):
Toluene undergoes nitration with a mixture of conc. $HNO_3$ and conc. $H_2SO_4$ in steps. First,it forms a mixture of $o$-nitrotoluene and $p$-nitrotoluene. Further nitration of these products leads to $2,4$-dinitrotoluene,and finally,vigorous nitration at higher temperatures yields $2,4,6$-trinitrotoluene $(TNT)$.